APA Style

Landmark College Library Revised July 2023

APA Citation Style

A guide from the Landmark College Library, updated for the 7

• American Psychological Association’s Style of citing sources

• Usually used in social and behavioral sciences papers (such as psychology papers)

• Explained fully in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7

Edition.

(You can ask for this manual at the Front Desk for use in the library.)

Contents

References List ...............................................................................................................................................2

Indenting ........................................................................................................................................................2

Books ..............................................................................................................................................................3

Basic Format for Books ..............................................................................................................................3

One Author .................................................................................................................................................3

Two Authors, Other Than First Edition ......................................................................................................3

Three Authors ............................................................................................................................................3

DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5

ed., Text Revision .......................3

Essay or Chapter in an Edited Book (3 versions) ........................................................................................4

Book authored by a group or organization ................................................................................................4

eBook from eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)...............................................................................4

eBook from Kindle ......................................................................................................................................5

Audiobook (released in a different year than the text version) ................................................................5

Audiobook (Originating from a non-database URL) ..................................................................................5

Online Dictionary or Thesaurus .................................................................................................................5

Encyclopedia Entry, Print ...........................................................................................................................5

Encyclopedia Entry, Online ........................................................................................................................6

Periodicals ......................................................................................................................................................6

What’s the difference between magazines and journals? ........................................................................6

Basic Format for Periodical Articles ...........................................................................................................6

Magazine Article, Online ............................................................................................................................6

Magazine Article, Print ...............................................................................................................................6

Journal Article Published Online Ahead of Print ........................................................................................7

Newspaper Article Found on the Newspaper’s Website ...........................................................................7

Newspaper Article, Anonymous Author ....................................................................................................7

Articles from Online Databases......................................................................................................................7

Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper Article from an Online Database .........................................................7

Basic Format for an Online Database Article .............................................................................................7

CQ Researcher Articles ...................................................................................................................................8

Blog Post .........................................................................................................................................................8

Social Media ...................................................................................................................................................8

Websites & Webpages ...................................................................................................................................8

Entire Websites ..........................................................................................................................................9

Webpage: Basic Format .............................................................................................................................9

Webpage, Group or Organization ..............................................................................................................9

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Webpage, No Date .....................................................................................................................................9

Webpage, News Website ...........................................................................................................................9

Technical & Research Reports ...................................................................................................................9

Email & Other Personal Communications................................................................................................10

Videos and Audio .........................................................................................................................................10

YouTube (or other video website) Video .................................................................................................10

Film or Video ............................................................................................................................................10

Podcast Episode .......................................................................................................................................10

Images/Visual Works ....................................................................................................................................10

Photograph ...............................................................................................................................................10

Artwork ....................................................................................................................................................11

ChatGPT ........................................................................................................................................................11

In-Text ......................................................................................................................................................11

Appendix recommendation .....................................................................................................................11

Same Author, Different Works .....................................................................................................................11

In-Text Citations ...........................................................................................................................................12

Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................................12

How to Paraphrase ...................................................................................................................................12

One Author ...............................................................................................................................................12

Two Authors .............................................................................................................................................12

Three to Five Authors ...............................................................................................................................12

How to cite a source that is cited in your source .....................................................................................13

Quoting .........................................................................................................................................................13

How to quote a source directly: ...............................................................................................................13

In-Text Citations for Quotes from Sources Without Page Numbers .......................................................13

For Quotes Longer than 40 Words, Use a Block Quotation: ....................................................................14

How to indent a long quote: ....................................................................................................................14

How to quote a source more than once within a paragraph: .................................................................15

References List

A References List is the list of the sources you used to write your paper. Place this list at the end of your

paper on its own page(s), and before any tables, figures, or appendices.

• Title your list References.

• List your sources alphabetically by author.

• Double-space your References list.

Indenting

Indent the second and subsequent lines of each citation. Use a hanging indent to indent this way.

Here’s how:

1. Highlight your citations.

2. Click on the bottom triangle (not the rectangle!) of the ruler near the top of the screen.

Landmark College Library Revised July 2023

3. Drag the bottom triangle to the half-inch mark (see below):

OR, even quicker! (in PC/Windows)

1. Highlight all your citations.

2. Ctrl + Tab (the Control key and the T key together)

Books

Basic Format for Books

Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.

One Author

Kriss, A. (2020). The gaming mind: A new psychology of videogames and the power of play. The

Experiment.

Two Authors, Other Than First Edition

Lerner, J. W., & John, B. H. (2015). Learning disabilities and related disabilities: Strategies for success.

(13

ed.). Cengage Learning.

Three Authors

Curington, C. V., Lundquist, J. H., & Lin, K. H. (2021). The dating divide: Race and desire in the era of

online romance. University of California Press.

DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5

ed., Text Revision

American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.

Text Rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Note: Even if you consult the print version of the DSM, you should provide the DOI address because it

has one. Don’t want to copy the above URL? Then Google “dsm-5-tr doi” and copy the DOI there.

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Essay or Chapter in an Edited Book (3 versions)

1. For essays published for the first time:

Essay Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Essay title. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name (Ed.), Book title

(pp. # - #). Publisher Name. DOI or URL

Akins, E. (2021). Navigating the education system with an ADHD girl: How to square the circle. In J. Steer

(Ed.), Understanding ADHD in girls and women (pp. 133-172). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

2. For essays reprinted from a journal article (e.g., essays in an anthology):

Essay Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year of book). Essay title as the book names it, not as the original

source names it. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name (Ed.), Book title (pp. # - #). Publisher Name.

(Reprinted from Name of Journal, Year, Volume#, pp. #-#, DOI)

Milgram, S. (2007). The perils of obedience. In W. F. Schulz (Ed.), The phenomenon of torture: Readings

and commentary (pp. 110-119). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Reprinted

from Harper’s, December 6, 1973, 246, 62-66, 75-77.)

3. For essays reprinted from another book (e.g., essays in an anthology):

Essay Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year of book). Essay title as the book names it, not as the original

source names it. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name (Ed.), Book title (pp. # - #). Publisher Name.

(Reprinted from Book Title: Subtitle, pp. #-#, by First Initial. Last Name, Year, Publisher Name.)

Jung, C. G. (1991). Forerunners of the idea of synchronicity. In V. S. De Laszlo (Ed.), Psyche and symbol

(pp. 277-296). Princeton University Press. (Reprinted from The interpretation of nature and the

psyche, pp. 485-519, by C. G. Jung, 1955, Bollingen Foundation.)

Special Note about In-Text Citations for Reprinted Essays:

Cite both years in your in-text citations, like this (Last Name, newest year/oldest year):

(Milgram, 2021/1973)

Book authored by a group or organization

Name of group or organization. (Date). Book title (edition). Publisher name. DOI if available.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5

ed).

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Note: If the organization and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.

eBook from eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)

Wagoner, B. (2020). Where culture and mind meet: Principles for a dynamic cultural psychology.

Information Age Publishing.

Note: An ebook from an academic database that does not include a DOI is cited the same as a print

book. Do not include the URL or permalink.

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eBook from Kindle

Author’s Last name. First Initial. (Year). Book title. Publisher Name. URL, if available.

Note: An ebook on a Kindle is cited the same as a print book, unless a URL is available. It is not necessary

to include format, platform, or device.

Silberman, S. (2015). Neurotribes: The legacy of autism and the future of neurodiversity. Avery.

Audiobook (released in a different year than the text version)

Author’s Last name. First Initial. (Year). Book title [Audiobook]. Place: Publisher. (Original work published

XXXX)

Prizant, B. M. (2022). Uniquely human: A different way of seeing autism (B. M. Prizant,

Narr.) [Audiobook]. Simon & Schuster Audio. (Original work published 2015)

Note: For audiobooks, it is not necessary to include narrator and audiobook notation, except when it is a

republished work (i.e., the year of the print version and audio version differ, such as in the example

above) or if you quote from the audiobook.

Audiobook (Originating from a non-database URL)

Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Book title (Narrator First Initial. Last Name, Narr.) [Audiobook].

Publisher. URL of streaming audio provider

Bakan, M. (2018). Speaking for ourselves: Conversations on life, music, and autism. Tantor Audio.

https://www.amazon.com

Note: For audiobooks, it is not necessary to include narrator and audiobook notation, except when it is a

republished work (i.e., the year of the print version and audio version differ) or if you quote from the

audiobook. The example above includes neither.

Online Dictionary or Thesaurus

Author, Editor, or Organization name. (Year or n.d. for “no date”). Title of dictionary or thesaurus.

Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from

https://www.meriam-webster.com/

Encyclopedia Entry, Print

Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name (Ed.), Encyclopedia

title (# ed., Vol. #, pp. # - #). Publisher Name.

• If no author is given for the entry, place the entry title in the author position.

• You do not need to include an edition statement if the encyclopedia is a first edition; otherwise

write editions like “2

ed.” or “Rev. ed.”

Melznack, R. (2015). Cultural hegemony. In S. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity and social justice

(Vol. 1, pp. 184-186). Roman and Littlefield.

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Encyclopedia Entry, Online

Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor’s First Initial Last Name (Ed.), Encyclopedia

title (# ed.). Publisher. URL

• Use the entry URL for online encyclopedias everyone can access on the open Web.

• Use a permalink URL for subscription online encyclopedias, such as from your library.

Transgender access to bathrooms. (2018). In M. Issitt (Ed.), Gender: Roles & rights. Salem Press.

https://online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=OP3GR_0022

Periodicals

What’s the difference between magazines and journals?

Magazines

• Glossy cover and pages

• Includes advertisements

• Many photos and graphics

• Easier to read

• Catchy, even sensational article titles

• Of general interest (Time), trade or

technical interest (Popular Mechanics),

business interest (Forbes), or political

interest (The Nation)

Journals

• Duller cover and pages

• Few or no advertisements

• Few or no photos and graphics

• Harder to read (more jargon)

• Informative article titles

• Of scholarly interest for members of a

specific professional field

• Typically include citations

Basic Format for Periodical Articles

Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper

Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. DOI or URL

Note: When information (e.g., volume number, issue number, page range) is missing, omit it from the

reference.

Magazine Article, Online

Weatherford, C. B. (2021, March 17). More Than a Footnote: Challenges for BIPOC Nonfiction Authors.

The Horn Book Magazine. https://www.hbook.com/story/more-than-a-footnote-challenges-for-

bipoc-nonfiction-authors

Magazine Article, Print

Cooper, C. (2021, November/December). Trans Triumph. The Advocate. (118), 7-8.

Journal Article

New to the 7

ed. of APA Style: Always include the issue number.

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Villares, E., Starrett, A., & Limberg, D. (2022). Exploring school counseling during the first wave of COVID-

19. Journal of Counseling & Development, 100(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12433

Journal Article Published Online Ahead of Print

Mallipeddi, N. V., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2021). Intersectionality within critical autism studies: A narrative

review. Autism in Adulthood. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0014

Newspaper Article Found on the Newspaper’s Website

Moyer, M. W. (2022, October 6). Hang-xiety? How a night of drinking can tank your mood. The New York

Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/06/well/live/hangover-anxiety-mood.html

Newspaper Article, Anonymous Author

(Use p. or pp. for page numbers of print newspaper articles, or list the URL for online articles.)

Religious leaders protest House immigration bill. (2006, April 11). The Keene Sentinel, p. 2.

Articles from Online Databases

Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper Article from an Online Database

Basic Format for an Online Database Article

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title.

Magazine/Journal/Newspaper Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. DOI or URL

Nankervis, M. (2022). Diversity in romance novels: Race, sexuality, neurodivergence, disability, and fat

representation. Publishing Research Quarterly, 38(2), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-

022-09881-6

A Note about APA Citations Created by Databases:

Many databases provide APA-style citations for you.

Look for words like “Citation” or “Cite” near options to print and save.

Caution! Database-generated citations may have flaws:

• Most databases capitalize every word, even prepositions like “of.”

• Sometimes citations are missing information, such as issue or page numbers.

Basic Format for an Online Database Article Abstract

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper Title,

Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. [Abstract] DOI

Wood-Downie, H., Wong, B., Kovshoff, H., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2021). Sex/gender

differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and

Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353–1364. [Abstract] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-

04615-z

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CQ Researcher Articles

Articles from the online version of the CQ Researcher are cited as if they are an online version of a

magazine article. You can access the full citation of the article by simply clicking the Cite Now button at

the top of the first page.

The citation will appear in a separate window from which you may copy and paste the citation directly

into your bibliography.

If you prefer to construct the citation on your own, here’s how:

Basic Format for a CQ Researcher Article (Online version)

Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. CQ Researcher, Volume number, Page numbers.

http://library.cqpress.com

Terry, R. (2022, January 21). Teaching about racism. CQ researcher, 32, 1-33. http://library.cqpress.com

Blog Post

Basic Format for a blog post

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Title of blog. URL

Boheler, G. (2022, May 3). The idealized norm: The systemic impact of ableism on human service fields.

RDs for Neurodiversity. https://www.rdsforneurodiversity.com/blog

Social Media

Basic format for Twitter and Instagram

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (@username). (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20

words or Description of audiovisual. [Description of audiovisual]. [Format]. Social media site

name. URL

Bustillos, M. (@mariabustillos). (2022, September 20). We are living in the age of literary sequels, says

Jason Adam Katzenstein. [Image with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.

https://twitter.com/mariabustillos/status/1572192362817798144

Basic format for Facebook and others

Author’s Last Name, First Initial or Name of Group. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first

20 words [Description of audiovisual]. Social media site name. URL

American Library Association. (2022, September 20). It continues to put students behind when they don't

have source materials that can actually tell them who they are...[Video link attached]. Facebook.

https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLibraryAssociation/posts/pfbid02ujZDBm61kvCS6mkJNGG

CmpX79qXf2LbAA47dKHtGkFGqtsAUXHTUSSLFEnbRwbyKl

Websites & Webpages

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Entire Websites

To cite an entire website, include its name and URL in the text of your paper. Enclose the URL in

parentheses. Websites should not be included in the references list at the end of a paper.

Webpage: Basic Format

Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day page was last updated). Title of work. Website Name.

URL.

Author: Look at the top and bottom of the page to see if an author is listed. If no author is listed,

use the group or organization responsible for the page. If there is no author or group listed, start

the citation with the title of the page, followed by the date.

Date: Look at the top and bottom of the page for a date. If none is listed, list the date as “(n.d.).”

If just a year is listed, list only the year.

Ascher, M., & Ascher, L. (2022, June 3). 5 tips for law students with adult ADHD. Psychology Today.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/celebrating-adhd-and-neurodiversity/202206/5-tips-

law-students-adult-adhd

Webpage, Group or Organization

Group or organization name. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Title of page. URL

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 9). What is ADHD?

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html

Webpage, No Date

Author last name, First initial. (n.d.) Title of page. Website Name. URL

Tjornehoj, T. (n.d.). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Hartgrove Hospital.

https://www.hartgrovehospital.com/relationship-anxiety-depression/

Webpage, News Website

Use this format for sources found in online news sources (e.g., CNN, BBC, Reuters), not for articles found

in online magazines and newspapers (e.g., New York Times, The Nation).

Asmelash, L. (2021, July 26). How Black Lives Matter went from a hashtag to a global rallying cry. CNN.

https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/26/us/black-lives-matter-explainer-trnd/index.html

Technical & Research Reports

Author's last name, First Initials OR Name of Group. (Year, Month Day). Title of report (Report No. xxx).

Publisher Name. URL or DOI

U.S. Department of Education (2022). Report on the condition of education 2022 (NCES 2022-144).

National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2022/2022144.pdf

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Email & Other Personal Communications

Personal communications can include email, private letters, personal interviews, and telephone

conversations.

Since they don’t provide information that readers can find for themselves, they are not included in the

references list.

• In the in-text citation, list the communicator's first initials and last name, the phrase “personal

communications” and the exact date.

• Do not cite in the references list.

In-text citation examples

In narrative:

S. R. Narayan (personal communication, March 19, 2017)

In parentheticals:

(S. R. Narayan, personal communication, March 19, 2017)

Videos and Audio

YouTube (or other video website) Video

Group or (if known) Uploader’s last name, First Initial. [username if different from listed uploader].

(Year, month day of upload). Title of video [Description of media type]. Publisher. URL

Library of Congress. (2022, Sept. 29). Live! at the library: U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón opening reading

[Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/xBAhpWLULLk

Film or Video

Director’s Last Name, First Initial (Director) (If director is unknown, use person of equivalent position like

producer). (Year). Video title [Film; additional format information if necessary]. Production

Company. URL (if video is online).

Jenkins, B. (Director). (2016). Moonlight [Film]. A24; Plan B Entertainment; Pastel Productions.

Podcast Episode

Host’s Last Name, First Initial, (Host). (Date Episode was Released). Episode Title (No. xx, if podcast

provides episode numbers) [Description of audio or video podcast]. In Podcast Name. Production

company if applicable. URL if applicable.

James, B., & Kulwin, N. (Hosts). (2022, July 24). Stop Me Before I Kill Again (Season 3, Episode 1)

[Audio podcast episode]. In Blowback.

Images/Visual Works

Photograph

Photographer Last name, First Initial. (Year image was created). Title of work [Type of work]. Source of

Photograph. URL

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Lawrence, W. (2021, May 26). A dance by the water [Photograph]. National Geographic.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/article/the-photos-we-loved-20211225

Artwork

Artist Last name, First Initial. (Year or Years image was created). Title of work [Type of work]. Name of

Museum art is displayed, Museum Location. URL if applicable

Unknown Dan Artist. (19

—mid-20

century). Ceremonial ladle (wakemia or Wunkirmian) [Wood

Carving]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York, United States.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/312458?&pkgids=656&ft=*&offset=0&rpp=

20&pos=18

Notes:

• If you can only find the screen name of an author (such as a photographer on Flickr), that will do

as the author’s name.

• If the image is untitled, provide a description in square brackets instead.

• For artwork not in museums, follow same formatting but replace museum with otherwise

applicable publisher or source.

ChatGPT

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Jul 20 version) [Large language model].

In-Text

When prompted with “Does being female afford protection from developmental disabilities?” ChatGPT

responded that the higher rate of autism diagnosis in individuals assigned female at birth “has led to

investigations into potential protective factors in females against ASD, but the underlying reasons are

not fully understood” (OpenAI, 2023).

Appendix recommendation

APA recommends listing the full text of ChatGPT’s responses as appendices. If you do so, the in-text

citation would be:

(OpenAI, 2023, see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Same Author, Different Works

List in chronological order, oldest source first. If both sources are from the same year, list them in

alphabetical order by title. Add a letter (e.g. 2022a 2022b) to distinguish same-year sources.

Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook (3

ed.). New York:

Guilford Press.

Barkley, R. A. (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York: Guilford Press.

Barkley, R. A. (2014a). Defiant teens: A clinician’s manual for assessment and family intervention (2

ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

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Barkley, R. A. (2014b). Your defiant teen: 10 steps to resolve conflict and rebuild your relationship (2

ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

In-Text Citations

Paraphrasing

How to Paraphrase

• Cite only the last name of the author (or if the source is not by an author or authors, cite the

organization, institution, or company responsible).

• Cite the year of the source.

• Within a paragraph, the second (or third, etc.) time you cite a source, don’t list the date. Do

include the date in every parenthetical.

• While it is required to cite the page number for books and multipage articles whenever quoting

directly, when paraphrasing it is not required to provide the page number. Page numbers can

be very useful, however, for both you and your audience.

• It is recommended to use past tense to explain what an author did: (studied something; found

something, etc.) or the present perfect tense: (has studied something; has found something,

etc.).

One Author

Smith (2006) studied how racism affects biracial college students (p. 62).

In a recent study of racism, biracial college students reported receiving prejudice from both racial groups

to which they belonged (Smith, 2006, p. 62).

Two Authors

Jones and Rogers (2006, p. 123) found that stress can adversely affect sleep.

Stress can adversely affect sleep (Jones & Rogers, 2006, p. 123).

Three to Five Authors

Miller et al. (2006, p. 56) hypothesized that student expectations prior to enrollment would strongly

influence their experiences of college life.

In an experiment to examine the impact of expectations on the experiences of first-year college

students, researchers compared institution characteristics and student background characteristics with

expectations of campus activities and the campus environment (Miller et al., 2006, p. 52-53).

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How to cite a source that is cited in your source

• You’ve read and are citing Author A.

• Author A cites Author B.

• You haven’t read Author B, but you still need to cite Author B.

Here’s what you do:

1. List Author A (who you read) in the References List. Don’t list Author B there.

2. In your text, use the following citation:

Author B’s study (as cited in Author A, Year) or (Author B, Year, as cited in Author A, Year)

Find, Read, and cite Author B as its own source (the preferred option, according to APA).

Quoting

While APA recommends paraphrasing over direct quotations when possible, as you are able to add more

additional context or include it in your own style, there are times where you will need to use direct

quotations and it is important to know how to do so to avoid potential plagiarism.

How to quote a source directly:

• Cite only the last name of the author or if it doesn’t have a listed author, cite the name of the

organization, institution, or company responsible for the quote source.

•

Cite the year of the source.

•

Cite the page numbers, with a p. for a single page or pp. for multiple pages, which you should

separate with a hyphen (e.g., pp. 1-2), or with a comma for multiple non-consecutive pages (e.g.,

1, 3) after the date.

•

If there is not an exact page number, provide a different way of indicating location, such as

section name or paragraph number.

•

If your quote contains a quote, use single quotation marks (‘like this’) around the shorter quote.

Quoting Example:

Although some academics heavily disagree that self-plagiarism is even a real thing, Eaton (2021) makes

the point that “we are not talking about stealing from oneself, but rather deceiving those who give us

credit for our work” (p. 101).

In-Text Citations for Quotes from Sources Without Page Numbers

As mentioned above, for sources without page numbers, using the paragraph number can be a way to

provide a citation of where a quote comes from. Additionally, if the source has heading or section

names, you can site those as well. You can also combine paragraph number and heading number for

greatest level of specificity. This is especially useful for online resources. For quotes from audiovisual

works, use the time stamp for when the section of the audio or video starts in place of the page number.

Parenthetical Example:

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(Author’s Last Name or Group, Year, Name of section, para. #).

(Ures, 2021, New Hollywood’s Last Stand section, para. 2).

In-narrative Example:

Author’s Last Name or Group (Year, Name of section, para. #).

In their online information booklet, Panic Disorder, a Real Illness, the National Institutes of Mental

Health state that the disorder usually starts between the ages of 18 and 24 (2006, When Does Panic

Disorder Start? section, para. 1).

Note: When section headings or webpage titles are too lengthy to cite in full, shortening them is

preferred. The original heading title for the above example was “When does panic disorder start and

how long does it last?”

For Quotes Longer than 40 Words, Use a Block Quotation:

• Start the quote on a new line.

• Indent the entire quote by a ½ of an inch (see below for instructions).

• Don’t use quotation marks.

• Double-space the quote (just like the rest of the paper).

• Use brackets enclosing ellipses […] to represent omitted text.

• If your quote contains a quote, use double quotation marks (“like this”) around the shorter

quote.

• Place the last period before the in-text citation (the opposite of what you do for shorter quotes).

Long Quote Example

Elder and Paul (2006) explain the difference between absolutists and relativists:

Some people, dogmatic absolutists, try to reduce all questions to matters of fact. They think that

every question has one and only one correct answer. Others, subjective relativists, try to reduce

all questions to matters of subjective opinion. They think that no question has correct or

incorrect answers but that all questions whatsoever are matters of opinion […] Neither absolutist

nor relativist leaves room for what is crucial to success in human life: matters of reasoned

judgment. (p. 10)

How to indent a long quote:

1. Highlight the entire quote.

2. Click on the bottom rectangle (highlighted below) on the ruler near the top of the screen.

Landmark College Library Revised July 2023

3. Drag the bottom rectangle to the half-inch mark (see below):

How to quote a source more than once within a paragraph:

• The first time you quote a source in a paragraph, follow the examples above.

• The second and subsequent times you quote that source within the same paragraph, only

include the page number in parentheses. (You don’t need the name and year.)

Example:

It can be helpful to sort questions into categories when analyzing virtually any issue. Elder and

Paul (2006) offer three categories: “Questions of Procedure,” “Questions of Preference,” and “Questions

of Judgment” (p. 9). Questions of Procedure are generally unarguable and call for fact or definition, such

as “How many democratic administrations have there been in the U.S. since 1829?” or “What is a

coalition government?” The answers to Questions of Preference are open-ended and as varied as

individual values, such as “How would I live differently if I took the ideas of this author seriously?” (p.

37). Questions of Judgment require “reasoning, but with more than one arguable answer” or “the best

answer within a range of possibilities” (p. 9). An example from the field of political science is: “Is

democracy the best form of governance?” This latter category of questions is most challenging, as it calls

for the intellectual virtues of dispositions of humility, courage, empathy, integrity, perseverance,

confidence in reason, and autonomy (pp. 43-44).